Mathematical Prerequisites

1 Modular Arithmetic

1.1 The Mod Operation

1.2 Modular Operations

1.3 Modular Inverse

1.4 Coprime Numbers

2 Number Theory Essentials

2.1 Prime Numbers

2.2 Greatest Common Divisor

2.3 Euler's Totient Function

2.4 Fermat's Little Theorem

3 Binary Operations

3.1 XOR Operation

3.2 Bit Manipulation Basics